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Therefore, serum magnesium concentrations are specific, but not sensitive, to magnesium deficiency. 6 However, reductions in normal serum magnesium concentrations (1.8 to 2.3 mg per dL ) signify deficiency.
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Magnesium is an intracellular cation and its blood concentrations may not accurately mirror magnesium status. There are challenges in diagnosing magnesium deficiency because of its distribution in the body. 1 Conditions that may lead to hypomagnesemia include poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus chronic malabsorptive problems(e.g., Crohndisease, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, regional enteritis) medication use (e.g., diuretics, antibiotics) alcoholism and older age (e.g., decreased absorption of magnesium, increased renal exertion). Severe deficiency may lead to hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. Persons may experience numbness, tingling, muscle contractions and cramps, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, and coronary spasms as magnesium levels decrease. Įarly signs of magnesium deficiency include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to. 3 – 5Ī = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor nutrition, excess alcohol intake), some medications (e.g., diuretics), and lower mineral content in commonly eaten foods (e.g., fruit, vegetables) have led to an increase in studies evaluating the potential link of magnesium deficiency to a number of diverse medical conditions, and magnesium's possible effectiveness in supplementation. 1 Studies estimate that 75 percent of Americans do not meet the recommended dietary allowance of magneisum, 2 which has raised concern about the health effects of magnesium deficiency. It is distributed approximately one half in the bone and one half in the muscle and other soft tissues less than one percent is in the blood. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant essential mineral in the body. Food sources of magnesium include green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains. Because magnesium is excreted renally, it should be used with caution in patients with kidney disease. Although it is safe in selected patients at appropriate dosages, magnesium may cause adverse effects or death at high dosages. The use of magnesium for constipation and dyspepsia are accepted as standard care despite limited evidence.
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Other areas that have shown promising results include lowering the risk of metabolic syndrome, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, relieving symptoms of dysmenorrhea, and alleviating leg cramps in women who are pregnant. Studies have shown the effectiveness of magnesium in eclampsia and preeclampsia, arrhythmia, severe asthma, and migraine.
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This has led to an increased awareness of proper magnesium intake and its potential therapeutic role in a number of medical conditions. Research has shown that the mineral content of magnesium in food sources is declining, and that magnesium depletion has been detected in persons with some chronic diseases. Magnesium is an essential mineral for optimal metabolic function.